オウシュウツリミミズ

　ツリミミズ科 ＞ オウシュウツリミミズ属 ＞

オウシュウツリミミズ Lumbricus terrestris Linnaeus, 1758

　国外では、ポルトガル (Heitor, 1969)、バレアレス諸島 (Rosa, 1889)、イギリス (Friend, 1910; Rushton & Luff, 1984)、フランス (Zicsi, 1968a)、ベルギー (Zicsi, 1968a)、オランダ (Michaelsen, 1922)、デンマーク (Michaelsen, 1902a)、ドイツ (Zicsi, 1968a; Lehmitz et al., 2014; Höser, 2015)、スイス (Ribaucourt, 1896; Bretscher, 1899, 1900; Zicsi, 1968a, 1970)、イタリア (Zicsi, 1981)、チェコ (Zicsi, 1965c; Pižl, 2006)、オーストリア (Zicsi, 1965b-d, 1969, 1994)、ポーランド (Kasprzak, 1989)、ハンガリー (Zicsi, 1968b)、ルーマニア (Pop & Pop, 2006; Szederjesi et al., 2014)b、モンテネグロ (Szederjesi, 2014)、ブルガリア (Černosvitov, 1937b; Zicsi & Csuzdi, 1986)、ノルウェー (Michaelsen, 1902a)、フィンランド (Michaelsen, 1902a)、インド (Gates, 1958a; Paliwal & Julka, 2004)、ニュージーランド (Martin, 1977; Springett, 1992)、カナダ (Gates, 1942a; Lindroth, 1957)、アメリカ合衆国 (Smith, 1915, 1917, 1927; Olson, 1936, 1940; Easton, 1942; Gates, 1942a, 1953a, 1953c, 1966, 1967c; Davies, 1954; Lindroth, 1957; Schwert, 1990; Fauci & Bezdicek, 2002; Reynolds, 2010c, 2011a, 2015a, 2015b; Szlavecz et al., 2014)、メキシコ (Gates, 1942a)、ウルグアイ (Christoffersen, 2011)、チリ (Zicsi, 2004)、アルゼンチン (Christoffersen, 2011) に分布する。

＜外部形態＞

　全長 90-300 mm (Zicsi, 1965c)、体幅 6-9 mm (Zicsi, 1965c)、体節数 110-180 (Zicsi, 1965c)。

　剛毛配列は aa > bc、ab > cd、dd > 2 1/2 U (Zicsi, 1965c)。

　環帯は第 31、32-37 体節 (Zicsi, 1965c)。隆起剛毛は第 25−27 体節 (Zicsi, 1965c)。性的隆起壁は第 33-36 体節 (Zicsi, 1965c)。

　農耕地や草地など、土壌有機物料が低い環境 (< 4 %) を好む (Jänsch et al., 2013, Lehmitz et al., 2014 から二次引用)。

　アメリカ合衆国北部では、ビニールハウス内 (Gates, 1966) や保全農地 (Fauci & Bezdicek, 2002) からも採集された。

　地表採食地中性種（Lehmitz et al., 2014）。

Lumbricus terrestris Eisen, 1873: 45. [同定形質のみ]

Lumbricus (Lumbricus) terrestris Vaillant, 1889: 121 (syn. agricola, terrestris platyurus, terrestris lacteus). [同定形質のみ] 

Lumbricus herculeus Rosa, 1889: 2 (syn. terrestris, agricola).

Lumbricus herculeus Rosa, 1893a: 1 (syn. agricola [parts.], terrestris).

Allolobophora terrestris Rosa, 1893a: 1 (syn. agricola [parts.], longa).

Lumbricus studeri Ribaucourt, 1896: 5.

Allolobophora terrestirs Bretscher, 1899: 414.

Allolobophora terrestris Bretscher, 1900: 39.

Lumbricus terrestris Michaelsen, 1902a: 4+11.

Lumbricus terrestris Friend, 1910: 81.

Lumbricus terrestris Smith, 1915: 557.

Lumbricus terrestris Smith, 1917: 180 (syn. herculeum, agricola, ? americanus).

Lumbricus terrestris Michaelsen, 1922: 15.

Lumbricus terrestris Smith, 1927: 352.

Lumbricus terrestris Olson, 1936: 105.

Lumbricus terrestris Černosvitov, 1937b: 90.

Lumbricus terrestris Olson, 1940: 8.

Lumbricus terrestris Easton, 1942: 248. [同定形質のみ]

Lumbricus terrestris Gates, 1942a: 104.

Lumbricus terrestris Gates, 1953a: 2.

Lumbricus terrestris Gates, 1953c: 527.

Lumbricus terrestris Davies, 1954: 9.

Lumbricus terrestris Lindroth, 1957: 124 (syn. herculeus). [記述のみ]

Lumbricus terrestris Gates, 1958a: 8.

Lumbricus terrestris Zicsi, 1965b: 250. [記述なし] (?, 1965)

Lumbricus terrestris Zicsi, 1965c: 140. [形態記載] (?, 1965)

Lumbricus terrestris Zicsi, 1965d: 268. [記述のみ] (?, 1965)

Lumbricus terrestris Gates, 1967c: 164.

Lumbricus terrestris Zicsi, 1968a: 423.

Lumbricus terrestris Zicsi, 1968b: 130. [記述のみ] (?, 1968)

Lumbricus terrestris Heitor, 1969: 76. [記述のみ]

Lumbricus terrestris Zicsi, 1969: 70. [記述のみ] (?, 1969)

Lumbricus terrestris Zicsi, 1970: 240.

Lumbricus terrestris Gates, 1976c: 2. [記述のみ] (Apr, 1976)

Lumbricus terrestris Martin, 1977: 308.

Lumbricus terrestris Zicsi, 1981: 169. [記述のみ] (?, 1981)

Lumbricus terrestris Easton, 1983: 482 (syn. herculeum, agricola, infelix, americanus, sutured). [記述のみ]

Lumbricus terrestris Rushton & Luff, 1984: 18. [記述のみ]

Lumbricus terrestris Zicsi & Csuzdi, 1986: 120.

Lumbricus terrestris Kasprzak, 1989: 39. [記述のみ]

Lumbricus terrestris Schwert, 1990: 352. [同定形質のみ]

Lumbricus terrestris Springett, 1992: 1378. [記述のみ]

Lumbricus terrestris Zicsi, 1994: 62. [記述のみ]

Lumbricus terrestris Fauci & Bezdicek, 2002: 259. [記述のみ]

Lumbricus terrestris Paliwal & Julka, 2004: 1973.

Lumbricus terrestris Zicsi, 2004: 126. [記述のみ]

Lumbricus terrestris Pop & Pop, 2006: 1221.

Lumbricus terrestris Pižl, 2006: 79. [記述のみ]

Lumbricus terrestris Reynolds, 2010c: 139. [記述のみ] (Nov, 2010)

Lumbricus terrestris Reynolds, 2011a: 264. [記述のみ] (Apr, 2011)

Lumbricus terrestris Christoffersen, 2011: 159 (syn. norvegicus [parts], herculeum, herculeus, agricola, infelix, americanus, studeri).

Lumbricus terrestris Szlavecz et al., 2014: 318. [記述のみ] (Jan 2014)

Lumbricus terrestris Szederjesi, 2014: 50. [記述のみ] (Jun 2014)

Lumbricus terrestris Szederjesi et al., 2014b: 101. [記述のみ] (Jun 2014)

Lumbricus terrestris Lehmitz et al., 2014: 235 (syn. agricola, herculeus). [記述のみ]

Lumbricus terrestris Höser, 2015: 135. [記述のみ]

Lumbricus terrestris Reynolds, 2015a: 115. [記述のみ]

Lumbricus terrestris Reynolds, 2015b: 181. [記述のみ]

[要検討]

Lumbricus terrestris Linnaeus, 1758: 647.

Lumbricus terrestris Hoffmeister, 1842: 24.

Lumbricus herculeus Michaelsen, 1890: 5.

Lumbricus terrestris Michaelsen, 1900: 511.

Lumbricus terrestris Michaelsen, 1903: 178.

Lumbricus terrestris Cernosvitov & Evans, 1947: 1-36.

Lumbricus herculeus Wilcke, 1949: 180.

Lumbricus terrestris Zuck, 1951: 127.

Lumbricus terrestris Graff, 1953b: 26.

Lumbricus terrestris Bouche, 1972: 352.

Lumbricus terrestris Easton, 1983: 482.

Lumbricus terrestris Sims & Gerard, 1999: 106.

Lumbricus terrestris Blakemore, 2008: 51.

Bretscher, K., 1899. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Oligochaeten-fauna der Schweiz. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 6: 369-426.

Bretscher, K., 1900. Mitteilungen über die Oligochaetenfauna der Schweiz. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 8: 1-44.

Černosvitov, L., 1937b. Die Oligochatenfauna Bulgariens. Mitteilungen aus den königlichen Naturwissenschaftlichen Instituten in Sofia 10: 69-92.

Christoffersen, M.L., 2011. Catalogue of the Lumbricidae (Annelida, Clitellata, Lumbricoidea) from South America, with remarks on the systematics of the Lumbricina. Zoosystema 33(2): 141-173.

Davies, H., 1954. A preliminary list of the earthworms of northern New Jersey with notes. Breviora, Museum of Comparative Zoology 26: 1-13.

Easton, E.G., 1983. A guide to the valid names of Lumbricidae (Oligochaeta). In: Satchell JE (ed.), Earthworm Ecology: from Darwin to Vermiculture, Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 475-487.

Easton, T.H. jr., 1942. Earthworms of the northeastern United States: a key, with distribution records. Journal of Washington Academy of Sciences 32(8): 242-249.

Eisen, G., 1873. Om Skandinaviens Lumbricider. Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar 30 (8): 43-56.

Fauci, M.F., Bezdicek, D.F., 2002. Lumbricid earthworms in the Palouse region. Northwest Science 76(3): 257-260.

Friend, H., 1910. Additions to the wild fauna and flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Bulletin of miscellaneous information Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 1910: 79-84.

Gates, G. E., 1942a. Check list and bibliography of north American earthworms. American Midland Naturalist 27(1): 86-108.

Gates, G.E., 1953a. Further notes on the earthworms of the Arnold Arboretum, Boston. Breviora, Museum of Comparative Zoology (15): 1-9.

Gates, G.E., 1953c. On the earthworms of the Arnold Arboretum, Boston. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 107(10): 500-534.

Gates, G. E., 1958a. Contribution to a revision of the earthworm family Lumbricidae. II. Indian species. Breviora, Museum of Comparative Zoology 91: 1-16.

Gates, G.E., 1962e. Miscellanea megadrilogica. V-VI. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 137-143.

Gates, G.E., 1966. Requiem~ for megadrile utopias. A contribution toward the understanding of the earthworm fauna of North America. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 79: 239-254.

Gates, G.E., 1967c. On the earthworm fauna of the great American desert and adjacent areas. Great Basin Nat. 27: 142-176.

Gates, G.E., 1976c. More on oligochaete distribution in North America. Megadrilogica 2(11): 1-6.

Heitor, P.F.P.C., 1969. Les Lombricidés du Portugal. Pedobiologia 9: 76-80.

Höser, N., 2015. Zur Regenwurmfauna (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae), insbesondere zur Proctodrilus- Verteilung, in den Auen der Tschernosem- und Parabraunerde- Gebiete beiderseits des Erzgebirges. Opuscula Zoologica, Budapest 46(2): 133-142.

Kasprzak, K., 1989. Zoogeography and habitat distribution of earthworms (Lumbricidae) and Enchytraeids (Enchytraeidae) of the Carpathian mountains (Poland). Miscellania Zoologica 13: 37-44.

Lehmitz, R., Römbke, J., Jänsch, S., Krück, S., Beylich, A., Graefe, U., 2014. Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Germany. Zootaxa 3866(2): 221-245.

Lindroth, C.H., 1957. The Faunal Connections between Europe and North America. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY. 344 pp.

Martin, N.A., 1977. Guide to the lumbricid earthworms of New Zealand pastures. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 5: 301-309.

Michaelsen, W., 1902a. Die Lumbriciden-Fauna Norwegens und ihre Beziehungen. Abdruck Verhandelingen der Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Hamburg 9(3): 1-13.

Michaelsen, W., 1922. Oligochäeten aus dem Rijks museum van natuurlijke historie zu Leiden. Capita Zoologica 1: 1-72.

Olson, H.W., 1936. Earthworms of Missouri. Ohio Journal of Science 36(2): 102-113.

Olson, H.W., 1940. Earthworms of New York State. American Museum Novitates 1090: 1-9.

Paliwal, R., Julka, J.M., 2004. Checklist of earthworms of western Himalaya, India. Zoos' Print Journal 20(9): 1972-1976.

Pižl V, 2006. Earthworms (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) of Kokořínsko Protected Landscape Area. Bohemia Centralis, Praha 28: 75-83. [in Polishi ?]

Pop, V.V., Pop, A.A., 2006. Lumbricid earthworm invasion in the Carpathia Mountains and some other sites in Romania. Biological Invasions 8: 1219-1222.

Reynolds, J.W., 2010c. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae and Sparganophilidae) of northeastern United States, revisited. Megadrilogica 14(7): 101-157.

Reynolds, J.W., 2011a. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Komarekionidae, Lumbricidae, Lutodrilidae, Megascolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae and Sparganophilidae) of southeastern United States. Megadrilogica 14(9-12): 175-318.

Reynolds, J.W., 2015a. A checklist by counties of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae and Sparganophilidae) in the states of Connecticust, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, USA. Megadrilogica 17(8): 113-123.

Reynolds, J.W., 2015b. A checklist by counties of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae and Sparganophilidae) in New Jersey, USA. Megadrilogica 17(12): 179-190.

de Ribaucourt, E., 1896. Etude sur la faune lombricide de la Suisse. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 4: 1-110.

Rosa, D., 1889. Note sui Lombrichi iberici. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino 4(63): 1-5.

Rosa, D., 1893a. Catalogo e distribuzione geografica dei Lumbricidi. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino 8(151): 1-5.

Rushton, S.P., Luff, M.L., 1984. A new electrical method for sampling earthworm population. Pedobiologia 26: 15-19.

Schwert, D.P., 1990. Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae. In: Dindal DL (ed.), Soil Biology Guide, John Wiley & Sons, NY. pp. 341-356.

Smith, F., 1915. Two new varieties of earthworms with a key to described species in Illinois. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History 10: 551-559.

Smith, F., 1917. North American earthworms of the family Lumbricidae in the collections of the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 52: 157-182.

Smith, F., 1928. An account of changes in the earthworm fauna of illinois and a description of one new species. Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey 17:347-362.

Springett JA, 1992. Distribution of Lumbricid earthworms in New Zealand. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24(12): 1377-1381.

Szederjesi T, 2014. Allolobophora ruzsai sp. n., a new earthworm species and new records from Montenegro (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). North-western Journal of Zoology 10(1): 48-52.

Szederjesi, T., Pop, V.V., Csuzdi, Cs., 2014b. New and little known earthworm species from peripheral areas of the Romanian Carpathians (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 60(2): 85-107.

Szlavecz, K., Chang, C.H., Burgess, J.L., Csuzdi, C.S., 2014. Earthworms (Annelida: Clitellata) of Plummers Island, Maryland, USA, with description of a new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 126(4): 312-322.

Vaillant, L., 1889. Histoire naturelle des Anneles marins et d'eau douce. 3. Lombriciniens, Hirudiniens, Bdellomophes, Teretulariens et Planariens. 766 pp.

Zicsi A, 1965b. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Lumbricidenfauna Österreichs. Opuscula Zoologica, Budapest 5(2): 247-265.

Zicsi, A., 1965c. Die Lumbriciden Oberösterreichs und Österreichs unter Zugrundlegung der Sammlung Karl Wesselys mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Linzer Raumes. Naturkundliches Jahrbuch der Stadt Linz 11: 125-201.

Zicsi A, 1965d. Bearbeitung der Lumbriciden-Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums von Wien. Opuscula Zoologica, Budapest 5(2): 267-272.

Zicsi, A., 1968a. Revision der Regenwurm-Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums von Genf. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 75: 419-433.

Zicsi, A., 1968b. Ein zusammenfassendes Verbreitungsbild der Regenwürmer auf Grund der Boden- und Vegetationsverhältnisse Ungarns. Opuscula Zoologica, Budapest 8(1): 99-164.

Zicsi, A., 1969. Beitrag zur Revision der Regenwurm-Sammlung Karl Wesselys im OÖ. Landesmuseum zu Linz. Naturkundliches Jahrbuch der Stadt Linz 1969: 69-76.

Zicsi, A., 1970. Revision der Bretscherischen Regenwurm-Sammlung aus Zürich. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 77: 237-246.

Zicsi, A., 1981. Wietere Angaben zur Lumbricidenfauna Italiens (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Opuscula Zoologica, Budapest 17/18: 157-180.

Zicsi, A., 1994. Die Regenwürmer Österreichs (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) mit Bestimmungstabellen der Arten. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 131: 37-74.

Zicsi, A., 2004. Die Regenwurmfauna Chiles mit Bestimmungsschlüsseln der Chilota-, Yagansia- und Eodrilus- Arten (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae) Regenwürmer aus Südamerika 40. Berichte des naturwissenschaftlichen-medizinischen Verein Innsbruck 91: 111-128.

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